🔆 Development of Vernacular Education

📍 1835, 1836, 1838:
✅ William Adam’s reports on vernacular education in Bengal and Bihar highlighted defects in the system.

📍 1843-53:
✅ James Jonathan’s experiments in North West Provinces (UP), focusing on opening government schools for vernacular education and normal schools for teacher training.

📍 1853:
✅ In a famous minute, Lord Dalhousie expressed strong support for vernacular education.

📍 1854:
✅ Wood’s Despatch outlined provisions for vernacular education:
1. Improvement of standards
2. Supervision by government agencies
3. Normal schools to train teachers

📍 1854-71:
✅ The government focused on secondary vernacular education, leading to an increase in vernacular schools by more than five-fold.

📍 1882:
✅ The Hunter Commission recommended state efforts to improve vernacular education and mass education to be taught through vernaculars.

📍 1904:
✅ Education policy focused on vernacular education, providing increased grants for it.

📍 1929:
✅ Hartog Committee gave a gloomy view of primary education.

📍 1937:
✅ Congress ministries encouraged the growth of vernacular schools.

📍 Development of Technical Education:
✅ Engineering Colleges:
- Roorkee College (1847)
- Calcutta College of Engineering (1856)
- Poona College of Engineering affiliated to Bombay University.
✅ Medical Training:
- Medical College in Calcutta (1835).
- Lord Curzon worked to broaden agriculture, medicine, engineering, and other professional education through institutions like Pusa Agricultural College.

🔆 Multidimensional Poverty in India

📍 Key Statistics
✅ 14.96% headcount ratio of Multidimensional Poverty in 2019-21 (down from 24.85% in 2015-16), enroute to achieving target 1.2 of halving Multidimensional Poverty much before 2030

✅ 13.5 crore people lifted out of multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21, and 41.5 crore people lifted out between 2005-06 and 2019-21

✅ The intensity of poverty (average deprivation among multidimensionally poor) improved from about 47% in 2015-16 to 44% in 2019-21

📍 Rural and Urban Trends
✅ Fastest decline in percentage of multidimensional poor in rural areas: from 32.59% in 2015-16 to 19.28% in 2019-21

✅ Reduction in incidence of poverty in urban areas: from 8.65% in 2015-16 to 5.27% in 2019-21

📍 Vulnerable Groups and Regional Data
✅ India has the largest number of children living in multidimensional poverty — 1 in every 5 children is poor

✅ States of UP, Bihar, MP, Odisha, and Rajasthan recorded steepest decline in number of MPI poor

✅ Globally, 85% of multidimensionally poor people live in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

✅ 63 million Indians pushed into poverty yearly due to healthcare costs — almost two people every second

✅ Poverty levels among social groups:
• STs = 50.6%
• SCs = 33.3%
• OBCs = 27.2%
(5 out of every 6 people living in multidimensional poverty in India belong to disadvantaged tribes and castes)

#GS1 #GS3
#mains

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🔆 AUGUST OFFER vs. CRIPPS MISSION

📍 Time Period
✅ August Offer: August 1940
✅ Cripps Mission: March 1942

📍 Viceroy at the Time
✅ August Offer: Lord Linlithgow
✅ Cripps Mission: Lord Linlithgow

📍 Context/Reasons for Proposal
✅ August Offer: Britain’s precarious situation in WWII and the need for Indian support.
✅ Cripps Mission: Japanese advances in Southeast Asia heightened the need for Indian cooperation in the war effort.

📍 Main Proposals
✅ August Offer: Dominion status as the long-term goal; expansion of Viceroy’s Executive Council; promise of a post-war constituent assembly.
✅ Cripps Mission: Dominion status with the right to secede from the Commonwealth; a constituent assembly after the war to decide the constitution; provision for any province to opt out of the Indian Union.

📍 Shortcomings Highlighted by Indians
✅ August Offer: Vague promises; no immediate transfer of power; retention of British control over defense; no clear path to full independence.
✅ Cripps Mission: Dominion status instead of full independence; allowed provinces to secede, potentially leading to partition; no immediate transfer of power; British control over defense continued.

📍 Reaction of Indian Political Parties
✅ August Offer: Rejected by the Congress; welcomed by some other groups for its promise of eventual self-rule.
✅ Cripps Mission: Rejected by Congress and Muslim League; Congress criticized the lack of immediate power transfer and the provision for dominion status; Muslim League was dissatisfied with the lack of a clear commitment to Pakistan.

📍 Outcome/Result
✅ August Offer: Rejected by Indian National Congress; led to increased demand for complete independence.
✅ Cripps Mission: Failure; led to the Congress launching the Quit India Movement in August 1942.

📍 Impact on Indian National Movement
✅ August Offer: Strengthened Indian resolve for complete independence; highlighted the limitations of British promises.
✅ Cripps Mission: Intensified Indian demand for complete independence; demonstrated the unyielding nature of British policy; precipitated the Quit India Movement.


#history #prelims

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🔆Seva Se Seekhen Campaign:
What is It?
A youth engagement and hands-on learning campaign designed to involve young citizens in public service environments like Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs).
✅Launched In: Introduced in 2025, as part of India’s National Youth Development Framework.
✅Nodal Ministries:
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
Objectives:
✅Foster experiential learning by placing youth in service environments.
Enhance public health awareness and generic medicine outreach.
✅Develop soft and technical skills related to inventory, logistics, and community service.
✅Encourage nation-building values like discipline, empathy, and grassroots engagement.
Key Features:
✅Nationwide Deployment:
Five youth volunteers per district, embedded in five Jan Aushadhi Kendras each.
✅Total outreach expected across all Indian states and UTs.
✅Target Groups: Volunteers drawn from MY Bharat, NSS, pharmacy colleges, and other youth platforms.
✅Roles and Activities:
🔸Supporting day-to-day operations and customer service.
🔸Promoting generic medicine literacy.
🔸Learning inventory, stock, and logistics management.
🔸Engaging in community health awareness campaigns.
🔸Duration: 15-day structured internship with guided tasks and observations

🔆Legislature Insights/Facts

✅ 52% of newly elected MPs in 18th Lok Sabha are first timers

✅ The average age of 18th Lok Sabha is 56 years (lower than 59 of the previous Lok Sabha), 11% MPs are 40 years or younger

✅ 74 MPs (14%) elected to the 18th Lok Sabha are women (marginally lower than 2019), lower than countries like South Africa (46%), UK (35%), USA (29%)

✅ 78% of the MPs of the 18th Lok Sabha have completed at least undergraduate education

✅ 46% MPs have pending criminal cases, 31% have serious pending cases, 93% are worth over Rs 1 crore

✅ The 17th Lok Sabha (2019-24) had fewest sittings amongst all full-term Lok Sabhas till date

✅ About 31% time (17th LS) and 32% the (RS) was spent on discussions other than legislation and budgets

✅ During the 17th Lok Sabha, a total of 179 bills were passed, 58% of which were passed within two weeks on introduction, 35% of them were passed with less than an hour of discussion

✅ 729 Private member bills were introduced in the 17th LS, out of which only 2 were discussed

✅ Only 16% of bills were referred to Parliamentary Committees for detailed scrutiny during the 17th Lok Sabha

✅ 40 countries globally have laws similar to Anti Defection law wrt membership of political parties, but only 6 countries (India, Pakistan, B’desh, Guyana, Sierra Leone & Zimbabwe) have laws mandating legislators to vote according to party directions

✅ The overall success rate of defectors has declined from over 25% before 2004 to around 15% since 2009. In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, 38 out of 264 defectors (14.4%) won. In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, only 35 out of 205 defectors (17%) won their seats.

#IndianPolitics #LokSabha #WomenInPolitics #Legislation

🔆 Local Self Government – Key Facts

✅ The total revenue of all ULBs in India is only 1% of GDP, low compared to Brazil (7%) & South Africa (6%)

✅ PRI funds composition – Central Govt Grants (80%), State Govt Grants (15%), Own revenue (5%)

✅ Own revenues make up just ~ 5% PRI funds (Non-tax revenue 3.3% and Tax revenue 1.1%), low compared to Brazil (40%) etc.

✅ The share of property tax in India is only 0.14% of GDP as against 2% in OECD countries

✅ Property tax constitutes more than 16% of revenue receipts of municipal corporations, and more than 60% of their own tax revenue

✅ Municipal Corporation revenue receipts were just 0.6% of GDP in 2023-24, whereas those of Central Govt and State Govts was 9.2% and 14.6% of GDP respectively

✅ The revenue receipts of Municipal Corporations exhibit concentration, with the top 10 MCs accounting for over 58% of total municipal revenue receipts

✅ About 23% of total municipal revenue remains unspent, indicating a surplus in the municipal system that is not being effectively utilised.


#GS2 #GS4 #Ethics #essay #governance #mains
#mains

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🔆Gandhian Influence On Freedom Struggle In Telugu Region
✅ When Gandhiji was ejected from a whites-only carriage at Pietermaritzburg station on June 7, 1893, it marked a turning point, leading him to become a prominent leader.
✅ He founded the Natal Indian Congress on August 22, 1894, and experimented with 'Satyagraha' in South Africa.
✅ The Bombay-Madras railway line (1871) and the Calcutta-Madras line (1899) facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas by leaders like Tilak, Gokhale, Sri Aurobindo, and Bipin Chandra Pal.
✅ The Nizam of Deccan ceded parts of Andhra Pradesh to the British, creating distinct cultural regions in British Andhra and Telangana.
✅ In 1902, Koda Venkatappayya launched 'Krishna Patrika,' and Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao started 'Andhra Patrika' in 1908.
✅ Andhra Jatiya Kalasala (National College) was founded in 1910. Gandhiji returned to India in January 1915 and visited the Telugu region multiple times, beginning with his influence marked by the 1920 Telugu translation of his book 'Hind Swaraj.'
✅ In 1921, Gandhiji inaugurated the Pinakini Ashram in Nellore, the second Gandhian ashram in India.
✅ Pingali Venkayya, working on a national flag design, consulted Gandhiji, who later recorded his observations in 'Young India' on April 13, 1921.

📍Chirala-Perala Movement :

✅ Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah, who earned a postgraduate degree in Economics from the University of Edinburgh, played a key role in organizing the 1921 Indian National Congress session in Bezawada with his well-organized 'Ramadandu.'
✅ The Madras presidency government planned to merge the villages of Chirala and Perala in Guntur district into a municipality, increasing tax revenue from Rs 4,000 to Rs 40,000 annually.
✅ With Gandhiji's advice, Gopala Krishnaiah urged Chirala residents to relocate to a new settlement, 'Ramnagar,' and 13,582 out of 15,326 residents complied on April 25, 1921.
✅ He established an assembly and a court of arbitration there. However, the movement ended in February 1922 with Gopala Krishnaiah's arrest and imprisonment, leading to great despair.
📍Pullari Sathyagraha of Palnadu :
✅ During the 1920-21 famine, the British imposed the 'Pullari' tax on farmers for using forest produce and grazing cattle.
✅ This led to frequent clashes between peasants and the police as officials confiscated the farmers' cattle.
✅ In response to Gandhiji's call for the non-cooperation movement, Kanneganti Hanumanthu organized the Pullari Satyagraha, leading the people of Palnadu in a social boycott of revenue and forest officials.
✅ In July 1921, a significant hartal was led by Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah after the district collector sentenced Unnava Lakshminarayana and Vedantha Lakshminarasimhachar to one year in prison.
✅ Hanumanthu was ultimately betrayed by a village Karanam (revenue official), and the police besieged his village and shot him.
📍Pedanandipadu No-Tax Movement :
✅ In response to the Indian National Congress's 1921 session in Ahmedabad, the Andhra Congress Committee initiated a no-tax movement in 18 villages of Pedanandipadu in Guntur district.
✅ After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi halted the national non-cooperation movement on 12 February 1922 but later established the Gautami Satyagraha Ashram near Rajahmundry in 1925 to train
satyagrahis
✅ This ashram later focused on women's upliftment after Kasturba Gandhi's death in 1944.
📍Other Important Figures
✅ Dr. Bhogaraju Pattabhi Seetharamayya documented the history of the Congress from 1885 to 1935.
✅ In 1938, the Nizam of Telangana banned Gandhiji's visits and several publications.
✅ Potti Sreeramulu's 58-day Gandhian Satyagraha in 1952 led to his death and the eventual reorganization of states on linguistic lines, forming Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu on 1 November 1956.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims

🔆 Key Takeaways on Exposomics and Environmental Health

📍 Theme of World Environment Day 2025
✅ Focuses on eliminating plastic pollution, particularly micro-plastics, which pose serious public health risks.

📍 Need for Exposomics
✅ A comprehensive approach to disease etiology and prevention must be adopted.
✅ Exposomics focuses on understanding all environmental exposures throughout an individual’s life.

📍 India’s Environmental Burden
✅ India contributes 25% of the global environmental disease burden.
✅ Rapid economic growth exacerbates environmental exposures and health risks.

📍 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Approach
✅ Environmental risks caused 18.9% of global deaths and 14.4% of all disability-adjusted life years.

📍 Challenges in Data & Research
✅ Current environmental burden estimates are underdeveloped, failing to address complex environmental interactions.

📍 Exposomics as an Emerging Method
✅ Exposomics studies environmental exposures and their link to health, enabling more comprehensive research.
✅ Requires interdisciplinary technologies like AI, wearables, and biomonitoring.

📍 Policy and Infrastructure Needs
✅ Building capacity for exposomics data generation and interoperable data repositories is essential for actionable results.
✅ Immediate focus on creating a robust data ecosystem to enable health research.

#EnvironmentalHealth #Exposomics #PlasticPollution #India

🔆 Sangam Age: Key Highlights

📍 Titles of Sangam Dynasties
✅ Chola – Senni, Valavan, Killi
✅ Pandya – Thennavar, Minavar, Panchavar
✅ Cheras – Vanavar, Villavar, Kuttavar

📍 Village Administration
✅ Manram – Village assemblies managing local affairs
✅ Urs – Town
✅ Perur – Large villages
✅ Sirur – Small villages

📍 Trade & Ports (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea)
✅ Noura – Kannur
✅ Tyndis – Ponnani
✅ Muziris – Kodungallur
✅ Nelcynda – Kottayam
✅ Colchi – Korkai
✅ Camara – Kaveripattanam
✅ Poduka/Arikamedu – Pondicherry

📍 Major Trade & Industry
✅ Madurai & Uraiyur – Important textile centers
✅ Korkai – Center for pearl trade

📍 Land Classification by Fertility
✅ Marudam – Most fertile land
✅ Menpulam – Fertile land
✅ Pinpulam – Dry land
✅ Vanpulam – Hard land
✅ Kalaṇilam/Uvanilam – Salty land

📍 Market System
✅ Angadi – The market
✅ Nalangadi – Morning bazaar
✅ Allangadi – Evening bazaar

📍 Society & Culture
✅ Occupational Castes – Panar, Eyinar, Pulaiyar
✅ Devarinda – Term for a group of five gods: Murugan, Shiva, Krishna, Balarama, and Indra
✅ Karikala – Known as the Master of 7 notes of music
✅ Utharamerur Inscription – Provides insights into local self-government under the Cholas

#AncientHistory #UPSC #SangamAge

🔆 Judiciary Data

📍 Total Pending Cases in Supreme Court
✅ 83,000 (34% cases less than 1 year old)

📍 Case Disposal Rate of Supreme Court
✅ 92.6%

📍 Total Pending Cases in High Courts
✅ ~ 60 lakh (75% cases more than 1 year old)

📍 High Courts Sanctioned Strength
✅ 1114, current = 968, vacancies ~ 150

📍 Total Pending Cases in District & Lower Judiciary
✅ ~ 4.5 crore (65% cases more than 1 year old)

📍 Judges to Population Ratio in India
✅ 21/million (120th Law Commission recommended 50/million)

📍 Vacancies in Judiciary as of November 2024
✅ More than 5,600 vacancies (2 in SC, 364 in HCs, 5245 in lower courts)

📍 PILs Filed Before the SC
✅ Consistently increased from 2014 (~30,000 PILs) to 2021 (~1,14,000 PILs)


#GS2 #GS4 #Ethics #essay #governance #mains
#polity

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🔆 Key Takeaways: The Role of Ground Forces in Modern Warfare

📍 Emerging Warfare Trends
✅ Modern warfare increasingly involves stand-off weapons, UAVs, autonomous systems, and data-driven targeting, seen in Ukraine and India’s Operation Sindoor.
✅ However, technology should integrate with traditional forces, not replace them.

📍 Importance of Ground Forces
✅ Infantry and Armoured Corps are essential for holding ground, controlling populations, and distinguishing combatants from non-combatants.

📍 Limitations of Technology in Warfare
✅ PGMs, drones, and AI surveillance enhance precision but cannot replace physical presence and psychological dominance.
✅ In extreme terrains like Siachen and Arunachal Pradesh, acclimatised soldiers are essential.

📍 India’s Strategic Environment
✅ India’s geography demands boots-on-the-ground in areas like Ladakh, Siachen, and the Red Corridor.

📍 Armoured Corps Relevance
✅ Armoured units are critical in high-intensity combat, offensive/defensive operations, and force multiplication in combined operations.

📍 Modernisation Needs
✅ The Indian Army must upgrade with smart gear, communication systems, and UAV integration to stay relevant.
✅ Delays in army modernisation contrast with rapid upgrades in the Air Force and Navy.

📍 Strategic Messaging
✅ Warfare remains human-centric—technology enhances, but cannot replace decision-making, physical control, and perseverance.

📍 Civil and Internal Security
✅ Infantry plays a critical role in India’s internal security, including operations in Kashmir and Left-Wing Extremism-affected areas, and emerging threats like narco-terrorism.

#ModernWarfare #GroundForces #Infantry #MilitaryStrategy #IndiaDefense

🔆 B.A.C.H.A.A.V Protocol – Emergency Trauma Response Guide

📍 B – Bleeding Management
✅ Immediate control of external bleeding to prevent shock and death.

📍 A – Airway Management
✅ Ensure a clear airway to maintain oxygen supply to vital organs.

📍 C – Circulation
✅ Monitor and maintain effective blood flow to support life functions.

📍 H – Hypothermia
✅ Prevent body heat loss, especially in trauma patients.

📍 A – Analgesia and Antibiotics
✅ Provide pain relief and infection prevention to stabilize the patient.

📍 A – Atirikt Karvaiye (Additional Measures)
✅ Implement additional life-saving steps as needed.

📍 V – Vyakt Karna (Documentation)
✅ Record all actions and observations for clinical and legal clarity.

A structured approach to save lives in trauma situations.

GENDER DISPARITY :
Research shows gender discrimination mostly in favor of men in many realms including the workplace. Discrimination affects many aspects in the lives of women from career development and progress to mental health disorders. While Indian laws on rape, dowry and adultery have women's safety at heart, these highly discriminatory practices are still taking place at an alarming rate, affecting the lives of many today.

"Feminism isn't about making women strong. Women are already strong. It's about changing the way the world perceives that strength."
G.D. Anderson

🔆 Hunger & Nutrition – Key Data (2024)

📍 Undernutrition & Ranking
✅ India ranked 105/127 in Global Hunger Index 2024
✅ Over 225 million undernourished people in India

📍 Women’s Health Indicators
✅ 57% of women (aged 15–49) are anaemic
✅ 18.7% women (aged 15–49) have BMI below 18.5
✅ 6.4% women and 4.0% men (aged 15–49) are obese
✅ 23% women and 22.1% men (aged 15–49) are overweight

📍 Child Nutrition Stats
✅ Stunting (under 5 years) = 35% (global avg = 23%)
✅ Underweight children = 30% (global avg = 13%)
✅ Wasted children = 19%

📍 Food & Welfare Coverage
✅ Food wastage in India ≈ 50 kg per person per year
✅ 99.01% beneficiaries covered under National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 in 2023–24

#GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #mains


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🔆Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles (EVs)

✅ Climate Benefit of EVs:
• EVs help eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, playing a crucial role against climate change.

✅ Air Pollution Concern:
• Recent study shows EVs may worsen air pollution due to increased tyre wear from their greater weight.

✅ Study Details:
• Conducted by TIFR, IIT Bombay, and a US university.
• Established how vehicle weight and speed affect the size of plastic particles released from tyre wear.

✅ Tyre Particle Pollution:
• Tyre wear emits microplastic and nanoplastic particles into the air.
• Two degradation types:
• Primary fragmentation: Larger particles from sudden braking or potholes.
• Sequential fragmentation: Smaller airborne particles from prolonged use and friction.

✅ Heavier Vehicles, Higher Emissions:
• EVs are 15–20% heavier (300–900 kg batteries) than petrol/diesel cars.
• Faster acceleration causes more tyre stress, friction, and heat.
• Heavier, faster vehicles release more and smaller airborne particles, increasing pollution.

✅ Global Implications:
• With EV sales at 20% globally in 2024, this pollution concern is worldwide.
• Calls for revisiting assumptions on EVs’ environmental friendliness.

✅ Policy and Technological Responses:
• Current air quality norms (PM2.5, PM10) don’t cover fine tyre particles—standards need updating.
• R&D needed for tyres suited to heavier EVs.
• Possible solutions include:
• Capturing tyre particles at release points.
• Improving road quality to reduce fragmentation.

#environment #EVs